# 3 Mexican languages without past tense

Verb tenses are a headache for learners—but not all languages have them!

Most learners expect to study verb tenses in their new language. But if you only know about languages with their origins in Europe, like [Spanish](https://blog.duolingo.com/history-of-spanish/) and [English](https://blog.duolingo.com/history-of-english-language/), you might be surprised to find that some languages don’t use tense at all: They don’t conjugate verbs for past, present, or future!

So how do languages express the past or the future… if they don’t have a past or future tense?! These languages have a totally different way of envisioning events and actions, and this system is used by many indigenous languages from Mexico.

Here’s what these Mexican languages can teach us about verbs and time!

## Tense 101

First, let’s take a look at English verbs. In English, tense is used to mark whether an action or activity takes place in the past, present, or future:

The English past tense is [typically shown with the _-ed_ ending](https://blog.duolingo.com/simple-past-verbs-in-english/) and the future tense uses the auxiliary verb _will_, so _talk_ becomes _talked_ for the past and _will talk_ for the future.

But this isn’t the only way the world’s languages divide up time!

## Are there languages that can’t talk about the past or future?

Well… the answer isn’t so simple!

In some languages, what matters is whether an event is complete or incomplete.

In addition to _tense_, some languages use another way of thinking about time: _aspect_.

Instead of past, present, and future, grammatical aspect expresses whether the state or action lasts or ends. For example, have you _finished_ talking to Bea, or are you _still_ talking to Bea? Is the talking to Bea something _ongoing_?

In the sentence _I talked to Bea at night,_ the action of talking has a beginning and an end, so it’s a completed action.

And in _I talk to Bea in the morning_, the action has a beginning but not an end, since you can talk to her every day and no ending is specified. This activity is prolonged and doesn’t ever have a specific end! It’s an incomplete action.

Some languages that use aspect—and that don’t use tense—are from Mexico. Here’s how they work.

## Mayan T’aan

Mayan T’aan is a language spoken in the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico. It uses the marker - _laj_ to indicate that an action has been completed. You can see it in the middle of these words:

| Mayan T’aan           | Meaning of each part     | Translation        |
|----------------------|--------------------------|--------------------|
| Kul- **laj**-en     | sit- **completed**-I     | I sat              |
| Kul- **laj**-ech    | sit- **completed**-you   | You sat            |

And for actions that have not been completed, Mayan T’aan uses _lak_:

| Mayan T’aan           | Meaning of each part     | Translation         |
|----------------------|--------------------------|---------------------|
| Bíin kul- **lak**-en | someday sit- **incomplete**-I | Someday I will sit |
| Bíin kul- **lak**-ech | someday sit- **incomplete**-you | Someday you will sit |

## O’dam

O’dam is a language spoken in the mountains of Durango, Mexico. It also does not express time, but rather uses short part-words called _particles_: The particle _ba-_ is for complete actions and _-t_ is for incomplete actions.

| O’dam                        | Meaning of each part                     | Translation             |
|-----------------------------|----------------------------------------|-------------------------|
| **Ba**-jimia’-iñ           | **completed**-go-I                    | I am already going      |
| Ma’n bɨx xi-m-kuidaru- **t** | one all imperative <br>-us-take.care- **incomplete** | Everyone need to take care |

There are also special part-words in O’dam that combine information about the [grammatical person](https://blog.duolingo.com/first-person-second-person-third-person/) who did the action and the aspect of the action:

| O’dam                               | Meaning of each part                                       | Translation                       |
|------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| Pu ji- **ñich** dhu bhammi | certainty go- **I.completed** first.hand information direction | I am already going                |

## Yühü

Finally, the language Yühü, also called Otomi, is spoken in several states in central Mexico. This language is a [tonal language](https://blog.duolingo.com/indigenous-language-writing-system/#a-new-writing-system-for-chatino), which means that each syllable has a specific pitch, like having its own musical note. Tone is just as important as the individual sounds themselves, and different tones can change the meaning of a word!

In Yühü, the aspect information goes before the verb to distinguish completed and incomplete actions—and this contrast also causes a change in the tone on the verb syllable, as represented by the marks above the vowels:

| Yühü               | Meaning of each part   | Translation     |
|-------------------|------------------------|------------------|
| **I** pá        | he- **incomplete** go  | he is going     |
| **Bi** mǎ       | He- **complete** go    | He went         |

## Languages can be timeless!

The languages of Mexico show us the diversity of the world’s languages, and even just how different the languages of the Americas can be! All languages have the [ability to express the same ideas](https://blog.duolingo.com/language-similarities/)—and they can use very different grammar tools to do so.