# What are comparatives and superlatives in English?

There’s no *better* way to learn about comparatives and superlatives than this guide!

Are you feeling _more_ confident or _the most_ confused about comparatives and superlatives in English? Don’t worry—this guide breaks it all down for you. With it, you’ll soon be _more excited_ and _most certain_ about this topic!

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## In this post:

- [What are comparatives and superlatives in English?](https://blog.duolingo.com/adjectives-with-more-and-most/#what-are-comparatives-and-superlatives-in-english)
- [How do you form comparatives and superlatives in English?](https://blog.duolingo.com/adjectives-with-more-and-most/#how-to-make-comparatives-and-superlatives-in-english)
  - [Category 1: _‑er_ and _‑est_](https://blog.duolingo.com/adjectives-with-more-and-most/#category-1-english-comparatives-and-superlatives-with-theer-andest-endings)
  - [Category 2: _more_ and _most_](https://blog.duolingo.com/adjectives-with-more-and-most/#category-2-english-comparatives-and-superlatives-with-more-and-most)
  - [Adjectives in both categories](https://blog.duolingo.com/adjectives-with-more-and-most/#a-linguistic-gray-area-adjectives-in-both-categories)
- [Irregular English comparatives and superlatives](https://blog.duolingo.com/adjectives-with-more-and-most/#comparatives-and-superlatives-in-english-the-exceptions)
- [Examples of comparatives and superlatives in English](https://blog.duolingo.com/adjectives-with-more-and-most/#examples-of-comparatives-and-superlatives-in-english)

## What are comparatives and superlatives in English?

Comparatives and superlatives are kinds of adjectives, so they tell us something about a noun: Comparatives say that one thing is “more” of the adjective than something else, and superlatives say that one thing is “the most” of the adjective than everything else. They can be used in sentences like this:

Comparatives:

- I need a smaller sweater.
- Who is more scared?
- That cake tastes better.

Superlatives:

- She’s our youngest child.
- This painting is the most beautiful.
- We saw the tiniest mouse.

## How to make comparatives and superlatives in English

There are two ways to make comparatives and superlatives in English, and adjectives are typically either in the first category or the second category.

- **Category 1:** Add an ending ( _-er_ or _-est_). Most short adjectives are in this category (like _new_, _soon_, _hot_, _sweet_, etc).
- **Category 2:** Add a word before the adjective (more or most).

Traditionally, English adjectives were either in the first category _or_ in the second category, but you’ll hear more and more English speakers treating short adjectives like they’re in the second category. That means you’ll often hear people use _more_ and _most_, even for words that typically used to get the endings! So don’t worry _too_ much about which words are in Category 1… you can be flexible with this, too!

### Category 1: English comparatives and superlatives with the _-er_ and _-est_ endings

Most short adjectives in English get the _-er_ ending for the comparative form and the _-est_ ending for the superlative form. Short adjectives are those with one syllable and two-syllable words that end with _-y_:

| Adjective | Comparative | Superlative |
| --- | --- | --- |
| nice | nicer | nicest |
| happy | happier | happiest |
| cool | cooler | coolest |
| new | newer | newest |

Sometimes you’ll have to change the spelling of the word a bit when you add the ending:

- If the word already ends with an _-e_, you’ll only add _-r_ or _-st_ so there aren’t two _ee_ in a row.
- If the word ends with a _-y_, change it to an _-i-_ and then add the ending.

### Category 2: English comparatives and superlatives with _more_ and _most_

For many longer English adjectives, you’ll add a word _before_ the adjective to make the comparative and superlative forms—and you **won’t** add a different ending. This is even easier than the _-er_ and _-est_ endings!

| Adjective | Comparative | Superlative |
| --- | --- | --- |
| interesting | more interesting | most interesting |
| difficult | more difficult | most difficult |
| casual | more casual | most casual |
| annoying | more annoying | most annoying |

### A linguistic gray area: adjectives in both categories!

Some two-syllable adjectives can go _either_ way: You might encounter them with Category 1 rules ( _-er_/ _-est_) _or_ with Category 2 rules ( _more/most_)! For these adjectives, there is quite a lot of variation across dialects, contexts, writing vs. speaking, and even personal preference. Be prepared to hear both options! Some examples are:

| Adjective | Category 1 option | Category 2 option |
| --- | --- | --- |
| clever | cleverer<br>cleverest | more clever<br>most clever |
| friendly | friendlier<br>friendliest | more friendly<br>most friendly |
| narrow | narrower<br>narrowest | more narrow<br>most narrow |
| pleasant | pleasanter<br>pleasantest | more pleasant<br>most pleasant |
| gentle | gentler<br>gentlest | more gentle<br>most gentle |
| handsome | handsomer<br>handsomest | more handsome<br>most handsome |

## Comparatives and superlatives in English: the exceptions

There are some exceptions to the rule when it comes to superlatives in English, but luckily, they are some of the most common adjectives! You’ll get lots of practice with them:

| Adjective | Comparative | Superlative |
| --- | --- | --- |
| good | better | best |
| bad | worse | worst |
| much | more | most |
| little | less | least |
| far | farther | farthest |
| – | elder | eldest |

Note that the comparative _elder_ and the superlative _eldest_ don’t have a plain adjective form: These are special adjectives that are only used to describe the ages of people, especially siblings and family members. So you might hear oldest sibling or eldest sibling, but they mean the same thing.

## Examples of comparatives and superlatives in English

Once you’ve got the right comparative or superlative form, you’re ready to use it in a sentence!

Here are some tips for using comparatives and superlatives:

- Remember that many English adjectives will get **an ending** in their new form. This ending shows whether the new form is a comparative or a superlative.
- In English, adjectives go **before** the noun they describe, and the same will be true with comparatives and superlatives.
- To say what you’re comparing something to, use than.
- You’ll use the before the superlative adjective.

**Examples of comparative adjectives in English**

| Adjective | Example sentence |
| --- | --- |
| silly | Our dog is sillier than our cat. |
| hard | It is harder to balance on my left foot. |
| exciting | This weekend will be more exciting because my brother is visiting! |
| professional | His Instagram is more professional than his TikTok. |

**Examples of superlative adjectives in English**

| Adjective | Example sentence |
| --- | --- |
| strange | This is the strangest movie I’ve ever seen! |
| new | The newest podcast episode is my favorite. |
| delicious | Our roommate cooks the most delicious curry. |
| organized | We’re the most organized group in class. |

## The _best_ way to learn a language is to have fun with it!

When you’re just starting out learning English, focus on just a couple of adjectives to learn their comparative and superlative forms—maybe the ones that describe you and the people you know! Look for them in your lessons and in all the ways you practice, like while watching movies and listening to music. As you learn more and more adjectives, you’ll get better at using these patterns!